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state\figures\18_2_l.bmp
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The St. Lawrence River and the Aboriginal people - the view from Akwesasne
The St. Lawrence Seaway dramatically altered the lives of the local First Nations people. The biologically diverse river fishery changed to a lake fishery of pike, pickerel, bass, and perch. First Nations people lost large amounts of land as shorelines eroded and islands were seized. The patterns of ice cover on the river changed, making winter travel difficult. The control of water levels prevented spring floods, and marshes such as the Snye Marsh
in Akwesasne (which once brought 30 000 muskrat pelts for the trappers) filled and lost their biological productivity.
The biggest change, however, came from the new industries that were attracted by the newly available hydroelectric power. Foremost among them were two large aluminum smelters. In the early 1960s, cattle on Cornwall Island became sickly, and Mohawk farmers could no longer maintain the healthy cattle herds that had sustained them and their families. Fluoride emissions from the Reynolds Metal Co. and Alcoa, near Massena, New York, were affecting vegetation and cattle. Despite the installation of $17.5 million of pollution control devices by Reynolds Metal Co. and subsequent decreased emissions, cattle were still affected by fluoride. Today, fluoride
levels are about the same as in the late 1970s, and the cattle industry has collapsed.
In the 1970s, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne began to worry about the dangerously high levels of heavy metals and organochlorine compounds being found in the St. Lawrence River. In 1978, the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne recommended that women of child-bearing age and children under 15 not eat any fish from the river. Health studies carried out in 1985 and in the 1990s showed that the burden of contaminants in Mohawk people who refrained from consuming fish from the river was much lower than in people who did consume fish. The studies are continuing. However, the impacts of this recommendation on the community have been devastating. Fishing is no longer a way of life, and fish are no longer the primary source of protein for the community. The former high-protein diet of the Mohawk people has changed to a high-carbohydrate diet, with a resulting dramatic rise in diabetes. Today, 75% of the population over the age of 35 suffers from some type of abnormal glucose tolerance: this in a community where there was no diabetes before 1945.
As the traditional economies of farming, hunting, trapping, and fishing disappeared, nontraditional economies expanded, and the community-based system of support and distribution started to disintegrate. The resulting tension in the community led, in 1990, to violence and death. Since 1990, the Canadian and U.S. governments have spent an estimated $500 million on police activities, money that could have more wisely been spent on
environmental cleanup.
Increasing industrialization and other developments have led to similar environmental degradation along other segments of the St. Lawrence River. First Nations people, who depended on its resources the most, have been affected the most. In response, First Nations governments have established environmental departments to learn about the state of the river and to be aware of the consequences. The Department of the Environment for the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne was created in 1976, and others can now be found at St. Regis Mohawk and Kahnawake. Since the early 1970s, groups such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada
have been making efforts to work with First Nations people.
The IJC has identified the St. Lawrence River at Akwesasne and Cornwall as an Area of Concern. The Mohawk Council of Akwesasne invited all of the parties to a meeting in St. Regis, Quebec, to discuss the local Remedial Action Plan and how the Mohawk would be involved. However, the process was not a satisfying experience for the Mohawk people, who felt that the plan did not include them in a fair and equitable way.
Other initiatives have been more successful. In the community-based EAGLE (Effects on Aboriginals from the Great Lakes Environment) Project, Akwesasne, with many other First Nations communities, is working with Health Canada to look at the biological, social, and economic effects of contaminants (see Assembly of First Nations 1993). Akwesasne is also a partner in other joint initiatives: the community-based St. Lawrence Institute
in Cornwall, which studies the environment of the river, the ecoresearch program of the University of Ottawa, projects with several other universities, the Eastern Ontario Model Forest project, and plans for joint fisheries work with eastern Ontario anglers' associations. These efforts enhance the empowerment of the First Nations communities and create respect and trust between First Nations and their non-Aboriginal partners.
Source: H. Lickers, Department of the Environment for the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne.......................................................................
96062709553770731940368142948
ASYM_TpID
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The St. Lawrence River and the Aboriginal people - the view from
Akwesasne
The St. Lawrence Seaway dramatically altered the lives of the local
First Nations people. The biologically diverse river fishery
changed to a lake fishery of pike, pickerel, bass, and perch. First
Nations people lost large amounts of land as shorelines eroded and
islands were seized. The patterns of ice cover on the river
changed, making winter travel difficult. The control of water
levels prevented spring floods, and marshes such as the Snye Marsh
in Akwesasne (which once brought 30 000 muskrat pelts for the
trappers) filled and lost their biological productivity.
The biggest change, however, came from the new industries that were
attracted by the newly available hydroelectric power. Foremost
among them were two large aluminum smelters. In the early 1960s,
cattle on Cornwall Island became sickly, and Mohawk farmers could
no longer maintain the healthy cattle herds that had sustained them
and their families. Fluoride emissions from the Reynolds Metal Co.
and Alcoa, near Massena, New York, were affecting vegetation and
cattle. Despite the installation of $17.5 million of pollution
control devices by Reynolds Metal Co. and subsequent decreased
emissions, cattle were still affected by fluoride. Today, fluoride
levels are about the same as in the late 1970s, and the cattle
industry has collapsed.
In the 1970s, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne began to worry about
the dangerously high levels of heavy metals and organochlorine
compounds being found in the St. Lawrence River. In 1978, the
Mohawk Council of Akwesasne recommended that women of child-
bearing age and children under 15 not eat any fish from the river.
Health studies carried out in 1985 and in the 1990s showed that the
burden of contaminants in Mohawk people who refrained from
consuming fish from the river was much lower than in people who did
consume fish. The studies are continuing. However, the impacts of
this recommendation on the community have been devastating. Fishing
is no longer a way of life, and fish are no longer the primary
source of protein for the community. The former high-protein diet
of the Mohawk people has changed to a high-carbohydrate diet, with
a resulting dramatic rise in diabetes. Today, 75% of the population
over the age of 35 suffers from some type of abnormal glucose
tolerance: this in a community where there was no diabetes before
1945.
As the traditional economies of farming, hunting, trapping, and
fishing disappeared, nontraditional economies expanded, and the
community-based system of support and distribution started to
disintegrate. The resulting tension in the community led, in 1990,
to violence and death. Since 1990, the Canadian and U.S.
governments have spent an estimated $500 million on police
activities, money that could have more wisely been spent on
environmental cleanup.
Increasing industrialization and other developments have led to
similar environmental degradation along other segments of the St.
Lawrence River. First Nations people, who depended on its resources
the most, have been affected the most. In response, First Nations
governments have established environmental departments to learn
about the state of the river and to be aware of the consequences.
The Department of the Environment for the Mohawk Council of
Akwesasne was created in 1976, and others can now be found at St.
Regis Mohawk and Kahnawake. Since the early 1970s, groups such as
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada
have been making efforts to work with First Nations people.
The IJC has identified the St. Lawrence River at Akwesasne and
Cornwall as an Area of Concern. The Mohawk Council of Akwesasne
invited all of the parties to a meeting in St. Regis, Quebec, to
discuss the local Remedial Action Plan and how the Mohawk would be
involved. However, the process was not a satisfying experience for
the Mohawk people, who felt that the plan did not include them in
a fair and equitable way.
Other initiatives have been more successful. In the community-
based EAGLE (Effects on Aboriginals from the Great Lakes
Environment) Project, Akwesasne, with many other First Nations
communities, is working with Health Canada to look at the
biological, social, and economic effects of contaminants (see
Assembly of First Nations 1993). Akwesasne is also a partner in
other joint initiatives: the community-based St. Lawrence Institute
in Cornwall, which studies the environment of the river, the
ecoresearch program of the University of Ottawa, projects with
several other universities, the Eastern Ontario Model Forest
project, and plans for joint fisheries work with eastern Ontario
anglers' associations. These efforts enhance the empowerment of the
First Nations communities and create respect and trust between
First Nations and their non-Aboriginal partners.
Source: H. Lickers, Department of the Environment for the Mohawk
(.txt)